Analysis of the Relationship between State Budget and Trade Balance of Libyan Economy (Period: 2000 – 2008)

The subject of the relationship between state budget and trade balance is important as economic subject, not only at the level of developing countries, but also at of advanced ones, too. Such importance emerged clearly when 1980s witnessed in United States of America a deficit in both state budget and trade balance, which was called at that time as the twin or dual deficit. We can say that the analysis of relationship between state budget and trade balance states the extent of mutual effect between financial and trade policies of any economy, namely; any change in the outcome of either one may affect the other in the same degree. To put in other words, the instruments of financial policy represented by total incomes and total expenditures can affect the trade balance through the movement of exports and imports and vice-versa. One tracing properties and features of Libyan economy may remark its dependence greatly on the public sector in financing developmental projects and making development generally, as well as its dependence on incomes to supply consumer and investment goods. Further, it depends in collecting its incomes of foreign currency on exports of chief source which is crude oil. So, study and analysis of relationship between state budget and trade balance of Libyan economy means to study and analyze relationship of public sector through the state budget, with the external sector expressed as the external trade through trade balance. The paper was processed within the framework of the Research Project of MSM 6046070906 "The economics of Czech agricultural resources and their effective use within the framework of multifunctional agri-food systems".State budget, trade balance, Libya, trade policy, fiscal policy, Financial Economics, International Relations/Trade, GA, IN,

Periodic pp-adic Gibbs measures of qq-states Potts model on Cayley tree: The chaos implies the vastness of pp-adic Gibbs measures

We study the set of $p$-adic Gibbs measures of the $q$-states Potts model on the Cayley tree of order three. We prove the vastness of the periodic $p$-adic Gibbs measures for such model by showing the chaotic behavior of the correspondence Potts--Bethe mapping over $\mathbb{Q}\_p$ for $p\equiv 1 \ (\rm{mod} \ 3)$. In fact, for$0 < |\theta-1|\_p < |q|\_p^2 < 1$, there exists a subsystem that isometrically conjugate to the full shift on three symbols. Meanwhile, for$0 < |q|\_p^2 \leq |\theta-1|\_p < |q|\_p < 1$, there exists a subsystem that isometrically conjugate to a subshift of finite type on$r$symbols where$r \geq 4$. However, these subshifts on$r$symbols are all topologically conjugate to the full shift on three symbols. The$p$-adic Gibbs measures of the same model for the cases$p=2,3$and the corresponding Potts--Bethe mapping are also discussed.Furthermore, for$0 < |\theta-1|\_p < |q|\_p < 1,$we remark that the Potts--Bethe mapping is not chaotic when$p=2,\ p=3$and$p\equiv 2 \ (\rm{mod} \ 3)$and we could not conclude the vastness of the periodic$p$-adic Gibbs measures. In a forthcoming paper with the same title, we will treat the case$0 < |q|\_p \leq |\theta-1|\_p < 1$for all$p$

Atomic-Scale Insights into Light Emitting Diode

In solid-state lightning, GaN-based vertical LED technology has attracted tremendous attention because its luminous efficacy has surpassed the traditional lightning technologies, even the 2014 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded for the invention of efficient blue LEDs, which enabled eco-friendly and energy-saving white lighting sources. Despite today’s GaN-based blue VLEDs can produce IQE of 90% and EQE of 70-80%, still there exist a major challenge of efficiency droop. Nonetheless, state-of-the-art material characterization and failure analysis tools are inevitable to address that issue. In this context, although LEDs have been characterized by different microscopy techniques, they are still limited to either its semiconductor or active layer, which mainly contributes towards the IQE. This is also one of the reason that today’s LEDs IQE exceeded above 80% but EQE of 70-80% remains. Therefore, to scrutinize the efficiency droop issue, this work focused on developing a novel strategy to investigate key layers of the LED structure, which play the critical role in enhancing the EQE = IQE x LEE factors. Based on that strategy, wafer bonding, reflection, GaN-Ag interface, MQWs and top-textured layers have been systematically investigated under the powerful advanced microscopy techniques of SEM-based TKD/EDX/EBSD, AC-STEM, AFM, Raman spectroscopy, XRD, and PL. Further, based on these correlative microscopy results, optimization suggestions are given for performance enhancement in the LEDs. The objective of this doctoral research is to perform atomic-scale characterization on the VLED layers/interfaces to scrutinize their surface topography, grain morphology, chemical composition, interfacial diffusion, atomic structure and carrier localization mechanism in quest of efficiency droop and reliability issues. The outcome of this research advances in understanding LED device physics, which will facilitate standardization in its design for better smart optoelectronics products

Senegal: Peer-learning to support reforms to become an emerging market economy

Ali Mansoor and Salifou Issoufou of the IMF discuss the challenges ahead as Senegal and other countries work towards becoming emerging economies

Design of Mobile Tracking Application System for Postgraduate Office at UUM

Mobile devices technology developed rapidly, most of students have mobile devices and they use the communication technologies devices to accomplish their tasks. Students face problems to track their application forms status since they have to call or go to the postgraduate office to check about their application forms status, this study led to the development of Mobile web-based prototype to help the students to submit their application forms from their mobiles and track their application forms by using the mobile application tracking system which reduces the efforts. Postgraduate office can view and change the status of application forms directly by using web tracking system which has been developed. Two systems prototype has been developed and tested successfully. The future work is how to implement those systems online web world and make some enhancement to meet the requirements of technologies

Influence of single and multiple dry bands on critical flashover voltage of silicone rubber outdoor insulators: simulation and experimental study

Dry band formation on the surface of outdoor insulators is one of the main reasons leading to flashover and power outages. In this paper, a dynamic arc model is proposed for single and multiple dry bands configuration to predict the critical flashover voltage for silicone rubber outdoor insulators. An arc is modelled as a time dependent impedance consisting of a Resistor Inductor Capacitor (RLC) circuit. The effect of dry band location and existence of multiple dry bands on critical flashover voltage is investigated. To validate the proposed model, experiments were conducted in a climate chamber under controlled environmental conditions on rectangular silicone rubber sheets polluted using improved solid layer method based on IEC 60,507. Tests were conducted at different dry band configurations and pollution severity levels. A good correlation was found between experimental results and simulation results. This model can provide a good foundation for the development of mathematical models for station post insulators having multiple dry and clean bands and can be used in the design and selection of outdoor insulators for polluted conditions

STUDY OF DISTINGUISHING FEATURES OF PAKISTANI STANDARD ENGLISH

The current research has adopted a qualitative approach to investigate the linguistic differences of Pakistani Standard English in contrast to British Standard English. We studied morphological, lexical, and hybrid characteristics of Pakistani Standard English. Besides, we investigated the linguistic features to prove the fact that cultural context determines the use of a language. Moreover, the findings of this research also support the fact that a language keeps evolving in different contexts leading to the development of different varieties of the language. However, the researchers have studied comparatively many varieties of Englishes, but this research investigates the distinguishing features of Pakistani Standard English employing secondary data from Dawn e-newspaper. Additionally, the researchers have also qualitatively codified the data into broader themes. The findings of this research will help readers in understanding the role of a cultural context in developing a new variety of a language. Consequently, they will be able to carry out further research in the field of World Englishes. Hence, this research is a systematic investigation of Pakistani Standard English and its differentiating features.

Glycemic control with four way model approach in rural area patients

Background: It is very important to keep the Glucose levels under control continuously and without any holidays. Type 2 diabetes is increasingly common in the industrialized world. Tight glycemic control attempts to rigidly glucose control levels (A1c: 6.5% -7.0% or lower). Maintaining tight glycemic control is lifesaving. Proper counselling, proper nutrition and if regular exercise is done it can result is good glycemic control.Methods: In the present study a total of 350 diabetic patients were selected out of which only 208 participants were eligible for study. Inclusion criteria in the study were 1) Age: men and women between age group 30 years to 70 years and 2) Type 2 Diabetes mellitus with HbA1c between 8 to 10%. Exclusion criteria in the study were 1) Type 1diabetes mellitus, Pre-existing renal, hepatic or cardiac disease, Hba1c >10%. A quadriad was established between patients, personal health worker, dietician and doctor.Results: Participants had regularly followed up and were divided randomly into cases (n = 112) and controls (n = 96). Patient were followed up as per study design it was observed that at the end of 3 months period mean FBS (case group 168.2±26.4 control group 200.8±38.3 p value <0.001) , Mean PPBS (case group 204.8±53.0 control group 271.0±45.5 p value <0.001) and Mean Hba1c (case group 8.7±0.5 control group 8.9±0.6 p value .003) in cases was significantly lower than control group.at the end 6 months it was observed that the mean cholesterol, mean triglyceride, mean LDL and mean VLDL was significantly lower in the cases compared to controls.Conclusions: A systematic approach and close monitoring that increased the adherence to medication, diet, and counselling would help in better glycemic control and prevent long term complication

Impact of hostel students’ satisfaction on their academic performance in Sri Lankan universities

The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of hostel students’ satisfaction on their academic performance in Sri Lankan Universities. The selected sample for the study contained 367 final year hostel students from two universities in Eastern Province, Sri Lanka using random sampling method. A questionnaire survey was administered. The level of measuring variables was interval and the relevant statistical techniques for these measures were univariate analysis, and bivariate analysis. One hypothesis was tested to assess the empirical relationships among variables. The overall average hostel student’s satisfaction was 3.29 with significantly greater P values and the average GPA of the hostel students was 3.054 with significantly greater than the normal pass. Looking at the overall association among the variables it was observed that there is a significant positive correlation between the student’s GPA and overall satisfaction factors (r.= 0.632). Finally, these findings may lead to making some recommendations to improve the present level of satisfaction of students in hostels which might lead to an increase in their academic performance